Find top SQL by elapsed time/CPU in a past period (AWR + V$SQLAREA)

Command

-- AWR: top 20 by elapsed time within a snapshot range (per plan)
SELECT *
FROM  (SELECT st.sql_id,
              st.plan_hash_value,
              SUM(st.executions_delta)                       AS execs,
              ROUND(SUM(st.elapsed_time_delta)/1e6, 1)       AS elapsed_s,
              ROUND(SUM(st.cpu_time_delta)/1e6, 1)           AS cpu_s,
              ROUND(SUM(st.iowait_delta)/1e6, 1)             AS io_wait_s,
              SUM(st.buffer_gets_delta)                      AS buffer_gets,
              ROUND(SUM(st.elapsed_time_delta)/1e3
                    / NULLIF(SUM(st.executions_delta),0), 2) AS ms_per_exec,
              MAX(st.parsing_schema_name)                    AS parsing_schema
       FROM   dba_hist_sqlstat st
       WHERE  st.dbid = (SELECT dbid FROM v$database)
         AND  st.snap_id BETWEEN <begin_snap> AND <end_snap>
       GROUP  BY st.sql_id, st.plan_hash_value
       ORDER  BY elapsed_s DESC)
WHERE ROWNUM <= 20;
-- For CPU ranking: ORDER BY cpu_s DESC
-- SQL text: SELECT DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR(sql_text, 4000, 1) FROM dba_hist_sqltext WHERE sql_id = '<sql_id>';
-- Plan history of a single SQL: @?/rdbms/admin/awrsqrpt.sql

-- Current (since instance startup, still in cache) by CPU:
SELECT sql_id,
       ROUND(cpu_time/1e6,1)     AS cpu_s,
       ROUND(elapsed_time/1e6,1) AS elapsed_s,
       executions, buffer_gets, disk_reads,
       ROUND(cpu_time/1e3/NULLIF(executions,0),2) AS cpu_ms_per_exec,
       parsing_schema_name,
       SUBSTR(sql_text,1,80) AS sql_text
FROM   v$sqlarea
WHERE  parsing_schema_name NOT IN ('SYS','SYSTEM')
ORDER  BY cpu_time DESC
FETCH FIRST 20 ROWS ONLY;

What it does

Sums the *_DELTA columns in DBA_HIST_SQLSTAT to list the most expensive SQL in a snapshot range, broken down by plan_hash_value, which also reveals plan changes for the same SQL. The V$SQLAREA query gives cumulative values for what is still in the cache.

When to use it

For "what loaded the system last night between 02:00 and 04:00?", to detect plan changes (same sql_id, different plan_hash_value), and to build a list of tuning candidates.

Caution

Querying DBA_HIST_* requires the Diagnostics Pack license; V$SQLAREA does not. AWR keeps only top SQL (top-N by default), so small but very frequent statements may be missing. V$SQLAREA values are lost when the cursor ages out. Deltas remain correct across a restart, but the cache-based query starts from zero.